ABSTRACT
Urinary schistosomiasis or Bilharzia caused by fluke worm Schistosoma haematobium(S. haematobium) is one of the seventeen (17) neglected tropical diseases associated with serious health problems and morbidities. It affects over 200 million people globally with an estimated death rate of more than 200, 000 annually and very common in Sub-Saharan African countries. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of S. haematobiumand provide epidemiological data in part of Nigeria. This cross-sectional study was carried out on 202 consenting participants, using both maleand female attending Jarma Uk Orphanage home and Bakin Gulbi primary school. Detection and evaluation were done using Gold Standard Microscopy and commercially available Rapid Detection Test strips. Statistical analysis was carried out using a statisticalpackage (SPSS version 26). A prevalence of 34(16.8%) among 202 from gold standard microscopy and 13(6.4%) circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) were obtained. High infection risk was observed among participant on swimming as a recreational activity 32(15.8%)at p<0.046 A gender prevalence of 26 (12.87%) and 8 (3.96%) at p<0.067 from male and female respectively were obtained. Female at the age group 11-15 had 27 (13.36%), and those with agriculture as recreational activity had the least infection risk 2(0.99%). This study showed that CCA has a less sensitivity and specificity than gold standard microscopy.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Background: The World Health Organization recommends a market-ready, urine-based point-of-care diagnostic test for circulating cathodic antigens (CCA) to determine the prevalence of S. mansoni. This study evaluated the performance of the URINE CCA (SCHISTO) ECO TESTE® (POC-ECO), which is currently available in Brazil. Methods: Residents from eight sites with different prevalence estimates provided one urine sample for POC-ECO and one stool sample for Kato-Katz (KK) and Helmintex® (HTX) testing as an egg-detecting reference for infection status. Results: None of the study sites had significantly higher POC-ECO accuracy than KK. Conclusions: POC-ECO is not currently recommended in Brazilian schistosomiasis elimination programs.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Background The World Health Organization recommends reliable point-of-care (POC) diagnostic testing to eliminate schistosomiasis. Lateral flow immunoassay that detects schistosome circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) in urine to establish prevalence thresholds for intervention in endemic areas is recommended. Stored urine may be useful if surveying at-risk populations is delayed or interrupted by unforeseen circumstances, such as the current COVID-19 pandemic. This study evaluated the manufacturer's claim that Schistosoma mansoni infection can be reliably diagnosed in urine samples stored at -20°C for one year. Methods Two-hundred-forty-two subjects from an endemic site in Brazil provided one urine sample each for testing with URINE CCA (SCHISTO) ECO TESTE® (POC-ECO) and one stool sample each for testing with Kato-Katz (KK) and Helmintex® (HTX) as a robust reference standard for infection status. At least 2 ml of urine from each participant was stored at -20°C; after one year, 76 samples were randomly selected for POC-ECO retesting. Results: The POC-ECO agreement between freshly collected and stored urine was inadequate considering trace results as positive (Cohen's kappa coefficient κ = 0.08) and negative (κ = 0.36). POC-ECO accuracy was not significantly greater than that of routine KK (54%; 95% confidence interval: 42.1%-65.5%). Conclusions The precision and accuracy of POC-ECO have to be optimized in both freshly collected and stored urine before it can be recommended for use in control programs in Brazil.